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Staff Paper
This report analyzes the U.S.-China contest over artificial intelligence (AI) and China's “all in” open-source approach, reflecting fundamentally different theories of how AI leadership is won.
China’s approach operates in two reinforcing loops: a digital loop of open-model innovation and rapid, community-driven iteration, and a physical loop of large-scale deployment across manufacturing, logistics, and robotics that continuously generates real-world data to improve AI capabilities.
Issue Brief
China helps Iran evade U.S. sanctions and maintain its destabilizing activities in the Middle East. Iran supplies China with relatively low-cost oil and is a partner in China’s efforts to undermine the U.S.-led global order, including through alternative multilateral organizations such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
Contracted Research
Beijing’s approach to spectrum management has been poorly understood, but it offers important lessons regarding the benefits and drawbacks of a relatively centralized, civilian-led approach. This report therefore investigates how China manages its electromagnetic spectrum, how that spectrum is used, how China’s approach to spectrum management is impacting global standards, and what benefits (and costs) China’s approach has offered.
Commission Spotlight
This Spotlight updates previous work the Commission published in July 2025 on China's exploitation of scam centers in Southeast Asia. It analyzes new developments that pose challenges to U.S. efforts to combat scam centers and policies the U.S. government can pursue policies to stay ahead of these emerging trends.
China Bulletin
Highlights include: China Escalates Drone Operations Against Taiwan, Tests Deception Capabilities; China Expands Crypto Ban to Emerging Products; Continuing Rise in Unprofitable Zombie Companies in China Underscores Economic Troubles; Even the IMF Warns China's Market Distortions Causing China Shock 2.0; U.S. and Taiwan Reach Trade Agreement; Alibaba's Latest Qwen3.5 Model Signals Continued AI Momentum in China
Staff Paper
Key Events and Statements Summarizing China’s Position on Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine from February 21, 2022 onward.
China Bulletin
Highlights include: China Shock 2.0 Set to Continue as China’s Trade Surplus Exceeds $1 Trillion; IMF Links Undervalued Yuan to Distortions; Xi Purges His Top Generals, Shocking Many; Beijing Scrutinizes Manus Acquisition; New Gray Zone Threat: China Marshals Thousands of Fishing Vessels in a Coordinated Drill to Impede Movement in the East China Sea
China Bulletin
Highlights include: China Strongly Condemns U.S. Actions in Venezuela; Beijing Frames Large-Scale Military Exercises around Taiwan as a "Resolute Response" to Recent U.S. Arms Sales; China Reiterates Plans to Drive Demand by Boosting Investment; China Leads a Joint Naval Exercise with Many BRICS Plus Countries; China Uses Export Controls on Dual-Use Goods to Attempt to Coerce Japan
Issue Brief
Key Takeaways:
Venezuela has been one of China’s closest partners in Latin America.
Beijing has developed deep economic ties with Venezuela over the past two decades.
Venezuela is the largest purchaser of Chinese military equipment in Latin America.