JULY 2002 - REPORT TO CONGRESS OF THE U.S. - CHINA SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION - THE NATIONAL SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF THE ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA
Appendix 2 - Background on Commissioners
C. Richard D’Amato, Chairman
>C. Richard D'Amato is a delegate
to the General Assembly of the State of Maryland and president of a consulting
firm representing American corporations on strategic planning and international
trade matters. He is a retired captain in the United States Navy Reserve, a
position that brought him a variety of assignments, including attaché
duty at the U.S. embassy in Beijing, China. Recently, Mr. D'Amato served as
a member of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission, a congressionally created
commission charged with studying the nature, causes and consequences of the
United States merchandise trade and current account deficits.
Beginning in 1988, for ten years, Mr. D'Amato was the Democratic counsel for
the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, responsible for coordinating
and managing the annual appropriations bills and other legislation on policy
and funding of U.S. international operations and programs, including trade and
defense and the full range of foreign activities of the U.S. government. He
also served as senior foreign policy counsel for Senator Robert C. Byrd.
Between 1980 and 1987, Mr. D'Amato served as the policy director for the Majority Leader, Senator Robert C. Byrd, for political, economic, and security policies. In this position, Mr. D'Amato supervised all work on a number of important legislative initiatives, including the 1988 Omnibus Trade Bill and the "Super 301" provision. Mr. D'Amato also wrote key legislation dealing with U.S.-Japan economic relations. During his career on Capitol Hill, Mr. D'Amato also served as the co-director of the Senate Arms Control Observer Group.
Mr. D’Amato received his B.A. from Cornell University, graduating cum laude in Government. He received his M.A. and M.A.L.D. from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in Boston, and received his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center.
Appointed to the Commission by U.S. Senate Minority Leader Daschle, March 1, 2001.
Michael A. Ledeen, Vice Chairman
Michael A. Ledeen is the Resident
Scholar in the Freedom Chair at the American Enterprise Institute. From 1981
to 1986, Mr. Ledeen served as a special advisor and consultant to top policy
officials in the Reagan Administration, including to the Secretary of State,
to the National Security Advisor to the President and to the Office of the Secretary
of Defense.
He has spent many years researching and speaking on leadership and the use of
power, with books, such as Machiavelli on Modern Leadership (1999), and
Freedom Betrayed: How America Led a Global Democratic Revolution, Won the
Cold War, and Walked Away (1996). His work has led to appearances on the
PBS NewsHour, CNN Larry King Live and Newsmaker. Mr. Ledeen has
published numerous articles in publications such as the Wall Street Journal,
Washington Times, National Review, American Spectator, International Economy,
and Commentary.
Mr. Ledeen received his B.A. from Pomona College in Claremont, California. He received his M.S. and PhD in History and Philosophy from the University of Wisconsin.
Appointed to the Commission by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Lott, February 13, 2001.
George Becker
A second-generation steelworker,
George Becker grew up across the street from Granite City Steel in Illinois,
where he went to work with an open-hearth labor gang at age 15 during the summer
of 1944. From that beginning, Mr. Becker rose through the ranks until elected
in 1993 and again in 1997 for two terms as the sixth international president
of the United Steelworkers of America (USWA), representing 750,000 industrial
workers in the U.S. and Canada.
Following his March 2001 retirement as USWA president, Mr. Becker remains active
as a leader on economic and trade policy issues threatening America's workers.
He continues to give workers a strong voice in Washington by creating new initiatives
to meet rapidly changing political realities.
Prior to being named to the U.S.–China Security Review Commission (USCSRC),
Becker completed a congressional appointment on the U.S. Trade Deficit Review
Commission (USTDRC) in 2000. He also served appointments during the Clinton
Administration to the President's Export Council (PEC) and the U.S. Trade and
Environmental Policy Advisory Committee (TEPAC).
As an AFL-CIO vice president and executive council member, Mr. Becker chaired
the national labor federation's powerful Economic Policy Committee. He was a
leader in the 1995 revitalization of the AFL-CIO that elected John Sweeney as
the current president.
Mr. Becker was elected two terms in 1985 and 1989 as the USWA's international
vice president for administration. While vice president, he headed the union's
organizing program and the Aluminum Industry Conference for collective bargaining.
Among several corporate campaigns he led involving major labor disputes, the
best known was against Ravenswood Aluminum Corp. that achieved the historic
firing of 1,300 permanent scab replacement workers and the return to work of
1,600 steelworkers after a twenty-month lockout that ended in 1992.
He was an executive committee member of the Geneva-based International Metalworkers
Federation (IMF) and chairman of the world rubber council of the International
Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (ICEM) in Brussels.
Appointed to the Commission by Democratic Leader Gephardt, U.S. House of Representatives, March 1, 2001.
Stephen D. Bryen
Dr. Stephen Bryen is the managing director of Aurora Defense, LLC, a consultancy organization, specializing in national security and homeland defense.
Previously, he served as Deputy Under Secretary of Defense from 1981-1988 and before that as a Professional Staff Member and Near East Subcommittee Director to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Dr. Bryen was a founder of the Defense Technology Security Administration (DTSA) and served as its first Director.
Dr. Bryen is a member of the Advisory Board of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs and serves on the Board of Directors of the U.S.-Israel Business Exchange. He was twice awarded the Defense Department's highest civilian honor, the Distinguished Public Service Medal.
Appointed to the Commission by Speaker Hastert, U.S. House of Representatives, April 5, 2001.
June Teufel Dreyer
Dr. Dreyer is a Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy Research Institute; and Department Chair of Political Science at the University of Miami. She received her Bachelor's degree from Wellesley College and her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. Dr. Dreyer has served as Senior Far East Specialist at the Library of Congress and on the advisory panel of the Chief of Naval Operations. Her research specialties include the Chinese military, cross-strait relations, ethnic minorities in China, and questions of Asia-Pacific regional security. She has published widely on these topics. The fourth edition of her book China's Political System: Modernization and Tradition is scheduled to appear in 2003.
Appointed to the Commission by Speaker Hastert, U.S. House of Representatives, April 5, 2001.
Kenneth Lewis
Kenneth Lewis was born in New York,
New York. He received his undergraduate degree from the Woodrow Wilson School
of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University in 1955, and his
J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1958. He clerked for a U.S. Federal judge in
New York after graduation from law school, and then moved to Portland, Oregon,
where he practiced law. In 1963 he joined Lasco Shipping Co., which operated
a fleet of ocean-going vessels carrying cargoes throughout the world.
Mr. Lewis was President of Lasco Shipping Co., from 1979 until his retirement
in 1994. He served on the Board of Directors of two international marine insurance
organizations: the Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association, Ltd., of London,
England (1986-1994); and the Swedish Club (of which he was Deputy Chairman)
of Gothenburg, Sweden (1987-1989). He has traveled extensively in Asia, beginning
in 1963 to Japan and Korea and in 1979 to the People’s Republic of China, making
over a hundred visits to these countries.
Mr. Lewis previously served on the Presidential Commission on U.S.-Pacific Trade and Investment Policy (appointed by President William J. Clinton in 1996), and the Congressional U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission (1999-2000). He is a past president of the Port of Portland Commission to which he was appointed by both Republican and Democratic Governors.
He serves on the Board of Trustees
of Pacific University, the Board of Visitors of the University of Oregon School
of Law and the Board of Directors of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. He was
the national Chairman of the "I have a Dream" Foundation of New York,
and was the founding Chairman of the "I Have a Dream" Foundation in
Oregon. He also served on the Board of Directors of the Oregon Ballet Theatre,
of which he was Chairman and President, and the Board of Directors of the World
Affairs Council of Oregon, of which he was President. He previously served on
the Board of the Oregon Community Foundation.
Mr. Lewis received the President's Public Service Award in 1991 from the Oregon
State Bar Association, and the Equal Opportunity Award from the Urban League
of Portland in 1997.
Mr. Lewis was appointed to the Commission by Democratic Leader Gephardt, March 1, 2001.
Patrick A. Mulloy
Prior to his appointment to the U.S.-China
Security Review Commission, Mr. Mulloy was nominated by President Clinton and
confirmed by the United States Senate as Assistant Secretary for Market Access
and Compliance in the Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration
where he served from 1998-2001. In that position Mr. Mulloy directed a trade
policy unit focused worldwide on removing foreign barriers to U.S. exports,
and ensuring that foreign countries comply with trade agreements negotiated
with the United States. He was also appointed by President Clinton to serve
as a member of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
Previously, Mr. Mulloy served fifteen years in various senior positions on the
United States Senate Banking Committee, including Chief International Counsel
and General Counsel.
Before coming to the Senate, Mr. Mulloy served as a senior attorney in the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice that supervised participation by U.S. oil companies in the Paris-based International Energy Agency (IEA). Earlier at the Justice Department he represented the United States in a variety of cases related to Federal environmental laws, including criminal and civil enforcement actions in various U.S. District Courts, several Circuit Courts of Appeal, and the U.S. Supreme Court.
Mr. Mulloy began his public service
career as a Foreign Service Officer at the U.S. Department of State where he
served in the Office of U.N. Political Affairs, the Office of International
Environmental and Oceans Affairs, and Vice Consul in the U.S. Consulate General
in Montreal, Canada.
Mr. Mulloy, a native of Kingston, Pennsylvania, holds an LL.M. from Harvard
University Law School, a J.D. from George Washington University Law School,
an M.A. from the University of Notre Dame, and a B.A. from King's College.
Mr. Mulloy is an Adjunct Professor of International Law at Catholic University Law School.
Appointed to the Commission by U.S. Senate Minority Leader Daschle, March 1, 2001.
William A. Reinsch
Mr. Reinsch is President of the National
Foreign Trade Council. Founded in 1914, the NFTC is the only business organization
dedicated solely to trade policy, export finance, international tax, and human
resource issues. The organization represents over 500 companies through its
offices in New York and Washington, D.C. As president, Mr. Reinsch oversees
NFTC's efforts in favor of open markets, in support of Ex-Im Bank and OPIC,
and as head of the USA Engage and Foreign Sales Corporation (FSC) coalitions,
among many other international trade and tax issues of concern to U.S. business.
Prior to joining the NFTC, Mr. Reinsch served as Under Secretary for Export
Administration in the U.S. Department of Commerce. As head of the Bureau of
Export Administration (BXA), he was charged with administering and enforcing
the export control policies of the U.S. government, as well as its anti-boycott
laws.
From 1991 through 1993, Mr. Reinsch
was a senior Legislative Assistant to Senator John D. Rockefeller IV, responsible
for trade, international economic policy, foreign affairs and defense.
Earlier, Mr. Reinsch served on the staff of the late Senator John Heinz as Chief
Legislative Assistant, focusing on foreign trade and competitiveness policy
issues. Mr. Reinsch provided staff support for Senator Heinz in his positions
as Chairman and then ranking minority member of the Banking Committee’s Subcommittee
on International Finance, and membership on the International Trade Subcommittee
of the Finance Committee. This included participation in five revisions of the
Export Administration Act and work on four major trade bills.
Prior to 1977, Mr. Reinsch was a Legislative Assistant to Representatives Richard
Ottinger and Gilbert Gude, acting Staff Director of the House Environmental
Study Conference, and a teacher in Maryland.
His recent publications include: "The Role and Effectiveness of U.S. Export
Control Policy in the Age of Globalization," The Monitor, Center for
International Trade and Security, Spring 2000; "Export Controls in the Age of
Globalization," The Monitor, Center for International Trade and Security,
Summer 1999; "Should Uncle Sam Control U.S. Technology Exports?" Insight
Magazine, September 8, 1997; "Encryption Policy Strikes a Balance," Journal
of Commerce, March 5, 1997; "Building a New Economic Relationship with Japan,"
in I.M. Destler and Yankelovich, D., eds., Beyond the Beltway: Engaging the
Public in U.S. Foreign Policy, W.W. Norton, April 1994.
Mr. Reinsch received a B.A. degree in International Relations from the Johns
Hopkins University and an M.A. degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced
International Studies.
Appointed to the Commission by U.S. Senate Minority Leader Daschle, March 1, 2001.
Roger W. Robinson, Jr.
Roger W. Robinson, Jr. is President and CEO of Conflict Securities Advisory Group, Inc., a Washington D.C.-based company that offers research and advisory services in the field of global security risk management. He is also President of RWR Inc., a consulting firm established in 1985 which provides strategic planning services and real-time analyses of breaking geopolitical developments that could potentially impact on international debt, equity and currency markets.
Prior to forming these firms, Mr. Robinson was Senior Director of International Economic Affairs at the National Security Council. He worked at the White House from March 1982 until September 1985. Between January 1984 and April 1985, Mr. Robinson also served as Executive Secretary of the Senior Interdepartmental Group-International Economic Policy, a Cabinet-level body which reported through the NSC to the President. As Senior Director, Mr. Robinson had responsibility for all economic, financial, trade and energy relationships of the United States worldwide for NSC.
Prior to joining the NSC staff, Mr. Robinson was Vice President in the International Department of the Chase Manhattan Bank in New York City. As a banker, he had responsibilities for Chase's loan portfolio in the USSR, Eastern and Central Europe and Yugoslavia for five years. He also served for some two and a half years as a staff assistant to former Chase Chairman David Rockefeller and earlier on assignment with the Chase branch in Tokyo.
Mr. Robinson has published extensively on the security-related risk in the global capital markets and East-West economic and financial relations. He has served as an expert witness on numerous occasions before both Senate and House Committees. In addition, he is a frequent radio commentator and has made numerous broadcast appearances.
Mr. Robinson holds a B.A. from Duke University and an M.A. in international affairs from the George Washington University. He served for some seven years on the Board of Visitors at the Sanford Institute of Public Policy at Duke University. Mr. Robinson is also Chairman of the William J. Casey Institute of the Center for Security Policy and is currently Chairman of the Board of the Prague Security Studies Institute in the Czech Republic.
Appointed to the Commission by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Lott, February 13, 2001.
Arthur Waldron
Mr. Arthur Waldron is currently Visiting
Scholar and Director of Asian Studies at the American Enterprise Institute and
has been the Lauder Professor of International Relations, University of Pennsylvania
(1997-present). He is also an Associate in research, Olin Institute for Strategic
Studies, Harvard University (1994-present), and Associate in research, Fairbank
Center for East Asian Research, Harvard University (1994-present). From 1991-1997
Mr. Waldron was a Professor of Strategy and Policy at the U.S. Naval War College.
In 1992, he served as an Adjunct professor at Brown University.
His Publications include:
From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924-1925, 1995
The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth, 1992
How the Peace Was Lost: The 1935 Memorandum "Developments Affecting American
Policy in the Far East," 1992
The Modernization of Inner Asia, editor, 1991
Mr. Waldron has also published numerous articles in publications such as Modern
Asia Studies, China Quarterly, American Historical Review, Orbis, Journal of
Military History, and Chinese Studies in History. He speaks regularly
before audiences nationwide and in Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Rim
Mr. Waldron received his B.A., summa cum laude, from Harvard University
and his Ph.D., in history, from Harvard University.
Appointed to the Commission by Senate Majority Leader Lott, February 13, 2001.
Michael R. Wessel
Michael Wessel is Senior
Vice President of Downey McGrath Group, Inc., a public affairs consulting firm
offering expertise in government, politics, and international affairs. He served
on the staff of House Democratic Leader Richard A. Gephardt for more than twenty
years, leaving his position as General Counsel in March 1998. In addition to
his duties as General Counsel, Mr. Wessel was Mr. Gephardt's chief policy advisor,
strategist, and negotiator. He was responsible for the development, coordination,
management, and implementation of the Democratic Leader's overall policy and
political objectives with specific responsibility for international trade, finance,
economics, labor, and taxation.
During his more than twenty years on Capitol Hill, he served in a number of
positions: as Mr. Gephardt's principal Ways and Means aide, where he developed
and implemented numerous tax and trade policy initiatives. He participated in
the enactment of every major trade policy initiative from 1978 to his departure
in 1998. In the late 1980s, he was the Executive Director of the House Trade
and Competitiveness Task Force, where he was responsible for the Democrat's
trade and competitiveness agenda as well as overall coordination of the Omnibus
Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988. The National Journal wrote: Wessel is
"generally credited in Washington trade circles with having helped to keep Gephardt
ahead of the curve on major issues."
He was intimately involved in the development of comprehensive tax reform legislation
in the early 1980s and every major tax bill during his tenure. Beginning in
1989, he became the principal advisor to the Democratic Leadership on economic
policy matters and served as tax policy coordinator to the 1990 Budget Summit.
In 1995, he developed the 10 percent Tax Plan, a comprehensive tax reform initiative
that would enable roughly four out of five taxpayers to pay no more than a 10
percent rate in federal income taxes. It became the principal Democratic tax
reform alternative. In 1988, he served as National Issues Director to Gephardt's
Presidential campaign. During the 1992 Clinton/Gore campaign, he assisted on
a broad range of issues and served as a Senior Policy Advisor to the Clinton/Gore
transition office. After leaving Mr. Gephardt's staff, Mr. Wessel opened his
own consulting firm, where he provided strategic advice to a number of businesses,
political, and labor organizations. He also served as a Visiting Fellow at the
Washington, DC-based Economic Policy Institute and currently maintains an affiliation
with the Institute.
He has coauthored a number of articles with Democratic Leader Gephardt and a
book, An Even Better Place: America in the 21st Century (Public Affairs,
1999). He was previously a congressional appointee on the U.S. Trade Deficit
Review Commission.
Mr. Wessel holds a B.A. and a J.D. from George Washington University.
Appointed to the Commission by Democratic Leader of the House of Representatives Mr. Gephardt, March 1, 2001.
Larry M. Wortzel
Dr. Larry M. Wortzel is the director of the Asian Studies Center at The Heritage Foundation, an influential think tank based in Washington, DC. Since 1983, the Center has addressed a broad range of policy issues affecting U.S.-Asia relations.
A leading authority on China, Asia,
intelligence, national security and military strategy, Dr. Wortzel joined Heritage
in November 1999 upon completing a distinguished 32-year career in the U.S.
armed forces. His last military position was as director of the Strategic Studies
Institute of the U.S. Army War College.
Following three years in the Marine Corps and a stint in college, Mr. Wortzel
enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1970. His first assignment with the Army Security
Agency took him to Thailand, where he focused on Chinese military communications
in Vietnam and Laos. Within three years he had graduated Infantry Officer Candidate
School, as well as both Airborne and Ranger schools.
After serving four years as an infantry officer in Korea and at Fort Benning,
Georgia, he shifted to military intelligence. Mr. Wortzel traveled regularly
throughout Asia while serving the U.S. Pacific Command as a political-military
affairs analyst from 1978 to 1982. The following year he attended the National
University of Singapore where he studied advanced Chinese and traveled in China
and Southeast Asia. He next worked for the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
developing counterintelligence programs to protect emerging defense technologies
from foreign espionage.
From 1988-1990, Mr. Wortzel was Assistant Army Attaché at the U.S. Embassy
in China, where he witnessed and reported on the Tiananmen Massacre. After assignments
as an Army strategist and managing worldwide assignments for Army intelligence
officers, he returned to China in 1995 as the Army Attaché. In January
1998 he became a faculty member of the U.S. Army War College, serving as director
of the Strategic Studies Institute. He retired from the Army as a colonel.
His books include Class in China: Stratification in a Classless Society
(Greenwood Press, 1987), China's Military Modernization: International Implications
(Greenwood, 1988), The Chinese Armed Forces in the 21st Century (Carlisle,
PA, 1999), and Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History (Greenwood,
1999).
A graduate of the Armed Forces Staff College and the U.S. Army War College, Mr. Wortzel earned his B.A. from Columbus College, Georgia, and his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Hawaii.
Appointed to the Commission by Speaker Hastert, U.S. House of Representatives, November 9, 2001.